A Critical Study Of Successful Factors In Chinese Banking Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4239 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? In this project, I attend to select Bank of China (BOCHK) for studying. This company has the unique advantages of RMB market in Hong Kong. We can know the methods to make as much as profits in RMB market via studying the RMB-related banking business of Bank of China in Hong Kong. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "A Critical Study Of Successful Factors In Chinese Banking Finance Essay" essay for you Create order In addition, Bank of China maintained their market leadership in the RMB-related banking business in Hong Kong. During the year, the Groups net interest income increased by 3.9% to HK$20,157 million as the Groups average interest-earning assets grew by 7.3% to HK$1,006,440 million. This growth was achieved by the expansion of lending business and the increase in average deposits from customers, banks and financial institutions. (BOCHK 2008) In 2008, the Groups substantial growth of RMB deposits was 58.5%, accounted for the largest market share. In the RMB credit card business, the company is also amongst the top of Hong Kong that card number and card household spending volume increased 24.6% and 49.8% respectively. More withdrawals of BOCHK were extended to Hong Kong yuan railway stations along the automatic teller machines in oreder to serve the customers better. During the year, the company also acts as the three major banks in the Mainland to issue renminbi bonds in Hong Kong lead manager, book-keeping line and distribution lines. Also, three banks issued bonds a total of up to 90 billion yuan. In addition, BOCHK have good communication and cooperation with other banks in China for preparing to provide customers with cross-border wealth management services in the Mainland. The first half of 2009 is expected to be in the designated branches of Bank of China launched the mainland. Until the end of 2008, the Groups wealth management over a number of customers was increased by 21.5%. The BOCHK through new business opportunities, such as the Beijing Olympics, launched a series of new cards to expand related businesses through new business opportunities, such as the Beijing Olympics .In addition, the company introduced the CUP BOC Credit Card with China Union Pay in December 2008. As Hong Kongs economy is export-oriented, nature of Hong Kongs economic outlook depends critically on the development of the global economy in 2009. Because a high degree of uncertain ty is still hovering in the global financial markets, the business environment is expected to be very difficult in the coming year or even longer. The Central Peoples Government agrees to expand the scope of RMB business in Hong Kong is another major step in the reform and liberalisation of RMB. The expansion of RMB business in a steady and orderly manner is conducive to further strengthening the economic integration between Hong Kong and the Mainland of China, and providing greater convenience to the people of both places amid the ever increasing cross-border flows. The closer financial cooperation between Hong Kong and the Mainland will also help enhance Hong Kongs status as an international financial center. (BOCHK 2005) We have seen that GDP growth was shrinking, unemployment rate was rising and the negative wealth effects were appearing. Nevertheless, Hong Kong is still in a relatively advantageous position. This is because the company received the full support of the Mainland, while the Mainland in terms of both the economic and financial strength compared with other regions is relatively stable. The central government published in Renminbi 4-trillion stimulus packages in November 2008 and the subsequent launch of a number of policies and measures to stimulate the economy, so the Hong Kong economy and its financial services sector will bring new opportunities. The Group is a leading listed commercial banking group in Hong Kong. With over 280 branches and 470 ATMs and other delivery channels in Hong Kong, the Group offers a comprehensive range of financial products and services to retail and corporate customers. BOCHK is one of the three note issuing banks in Hong Kong. In addition, the Group now has 19 branches and sub-branches in the Mainland of China to provide cross-border banking services to customers in Hong Kong and the Mainland. BOCHK is appointed by the Peoples Bank of China as the Clearing Bank for Renminbi (RMB) business in Hong Kong. (BOCHK 2009) Therefore, Bank of China can get the benefits in RMB market through different RMB services and products in Hong Kong. Ensuring the RMB business in the market leadership, Bank of China hopes the upcoming yuan trade settlement pilot plans to open one of the main windows of opportunity which allows the Guangdong Province, the Yangtze River Delta between Hong Kong to use the yuan as a trade settlement currency. The purpose is to expand the Groups RMB banking business. In addition BOCHK developed the RMB remittance and foreign exchange business actively and improved its comprehensive renminbi services to maintain its leading position.Consequently, this project can help Bank of China to maintain the leading position in the RMB-related banking business market in Hong Kong and increase the income from RMB-related banking business of Bank of China. Research Objectives The critical and main factors for Bank of China to grasp the opportunity of the RMB trade settlement pilot scheme in Hong Kong. According to different RMB-related banking business, these factors can clearly identify what actions should be taken by Bank of China to boost the incomes and profits from the RMB market in Hong Kong. For maintain the market leadership in Hong Kongs existing RMB banking business, Bank of China should develop and provide diversify RMB-related services and products base on the following research objectives. Measure preceived image of various HK banks Evaluate the popularity of RMB as transaction Obtain peoples perception of the prospect of RMB Measure the acceptance level of RMB credit card Calculate the ammount the behavior of RMB cardholder spending Identify which is the ideal location of ATM for RMB cash withdrawal Evaluate which is the best method to promote RMB bonds Evaluate which new product and service are valuable to customer s Critical review of relevant literature This includes raising the exchange limit between RMB and Hong Kong dollar per person per transaction, lifting the credit limit of RMB cards issued by banks in Hong Kong and relaxing the RMB remittance limit imposed on Hong Kong residents (Xinhuanet 2005) I think that Hong Kong as an international financial center, the central government attaches great importance to the role. Under the first phase of the arrangement, four pairs of banks in Hong Kong Renminbi (RMB) business has opened. RMB deposits increased from a stable, smooth transactions and a stable exchange rate has to prove that the yuan business is very successful. In the SAR Governments proposal based on the central government has approved in principle to expand renminbi business in Hong Kong on the range. This includes increasing the renminbi yuan and the Hong Kong dollar per person per transaction limit, in the abolition of the credit limit of RMB bank cards issued to strengthen to the RMB remittance limit imposed by Hong Kong residents to relax and expand Hong Kongs RMB settlement to designated merchants departments, and allows you to specify an invoice Hong Kong to open RMB cash deposits accounts and allow the RMB deposits one-way exchange of foreign currency into Hong Kong dollars. The Individual Visit Scheme for Chinese mainland residents to visit Hong Kong has gone a long way towards boosting the local retail and job markets. Last year Hong Kong received a total of 4.2 million Chinese mainland visitors under the Scheme, bringing additional tourism receipts of around 6.5 billion HK dollars. (Xinhua News Agency 2005) Moreover, the central government also agreed in principle to operate in Hong Kong of a new RMB business for consumption in Guangdong Province to Hong Kong residents check issued by a limited number of yuan. Central government will soon implement the various arrangements and a formal announcement. I believe that these new measures will become an all-round development to promote Hong K ongs financial industry milestone. Fllowing approval from the State Council, the Peoples Bank of China (PBoC) has agreed to provide clearing arrangements for banks in Hong Kong to conduct personal renminbi (RMB) business on a trial basis. The scope of RMB business to be offered will be confined to transactions that facilitate personal spending but do not involve investment and other capital account transactions.The scope of RMB business to be offered on a trial basis includes the following four areas are Deposit-taking, Exchange, Remittances and Renminbi Cards. (Hong Kong Monetary Authority 2003) Moreover, this article analysis and express the Hong Kongs offshore RMB business. According to RMB business in Hong Kong banks on a trial basis, it is marking the development of the banking sector is taking an important step forward. It promotes and facilitates the economic integration between Mainland and Hong Kong for visiting and spending money. I believe that the Hong Kong banking se ctor will seize this opportunity and provide different RMB services to the public in the near future. The Peoples Bank of China (PBOC), Chinas central bank, has agreed to provide clearing arrangements for banks in Hong Kong to conduct personal renminbi (RMB) business on a trial basis. (Xinhua 2003) According to the base of RMB business in Hong Kong bank, this opened up a new channel for the flow of renminbi funds between the Mainland and Hong Kong base on the banking system. Not only Hong Kongs banking sector meets the needs of the market and the general public, but also it develops a new business in order to consolidate the advantages of Hong Kong banking sector and enhance the competitiveness of the banking sector. For the long-term development, this helps to maintain the Hong Kongs status as an international financial center of great significance. The HKMA will work with the Peoples Bank to assist in the early implementation of the Hong Kong banking sector and the introduction of renminbi business. Recently, the Peoples Bank of China and the Hong Kong Monetary Authority signed a Memorandum of Cooperation concerning the operation of personal Renminbi (RMB) business in Hong Kong. This marked a major progress in financial business under the CEPA framework. Fostering the development of RMB business in Hong Kong, the memo would lay the foundation for Hong Kong to become an offshore RMB centre, enhancing Hong Kongs role as an international financial centre. (Wing Fu, Hui 2004) This article mentions the offshore markets and offshore financial centers. Financial services can be on land or at sea. Initially, the land in these two different is that those businesses issued within the countrys currency under the control of attention and containing the countrys judicial jurisdiction, but does not cover those offshore business jurisdiction. Then came off-shore bank in New York and Tokyo, but the gap narrowed only the applicability of the issue of the countrys juris diction. (International Bank in the two cities is allowed to conduct foreign currency business in their country of residence without being subject to the provisions of these countries, as long as the isolation of these offshore operations ashore.) Offshore financial business is originated in Europe. The term European currency includes all the usual off-shore money. Initially, it refers to the dollar in Europe, the European Japanese yen, British pound in Europe, Eurofranc, as well as major European currencies has been replaced in Europe, such as the German mark, French franc and Dutch guilder. As the offshore business is not in the currency within the territory of the country, nor was put under the jurisdiction of the State, its operation does not require state approval. But there are some prerequisites for the currency to become an international currency must be used for international pricing, billing, purchase and payment. That is why the U.S. dollar has remained so far a maj or offshore currency. At present, almost all countries there are an offshore business and offshore markets. Strictly speaking, all transactions in foreign currency-denominated offshore business, is a kind of offshore markets. To become an offshore financial center, we need more criteria. Only those operators that there is a vast, but also provides a comprehensive range of services and high turnover, but also as a major offshore currencies intermediaries, it can be regarded as an offshore financial center. While the global in the past two or three decades, efforts to promote offshore business, and only a few places in line as an offshore financial center status. Among them, London, New York and Tokyo is the largest of the three, while the Luxembourg, Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Singapore, Sydney and Bahrain are secondary regional offshore financial center. This shows that to become an offshore financial center needs a number of pre-articles, including political and social stabil ity, economic freedom and free flow of information, rule of law and sound legal system, administrative efficiency, supply, infrastructure modernization and the relative a better location. For the offshore renminbi business in Hong Kong, although the memorandum of cooperation will promote the development of offshore renminbi business in Hong Kong, but it is not enough to make Hong Kong a complete offshore yuan market, they fear to become the yuan offshore centers. Hong Kong provides Mainland enterprises with an efficient access to international capital through its banking, equity and debt markets. Nevertheless, the cross-boundary capital flows have by no means been one-way. Hong Kongs banks have maintained a strong presence in the Mainland. (HKGOV. 2003) According to the Basic Law, the Hong Kong dollar legal tender in Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (implied RMB in Hong Kong is a foreign currency). The banks are allowed to run four aspects of RMB services namely deposit -taking, currency exchange, remittances and credit-card services. (China Daily 2003) These new arrangements for Hong Kong from the Mainland regulations control the free operation of the RMB business (mainly reflected by the banks to freely determined deposit rates and immunities of the minimum reserve requirements). This makes Hong Kong banks to conduct renminbi offshore business standard. In fact, the RMB business in Hong Kong has been operating there for a long time, but only in cash transactions. While the turnover is expected to quite large, it can only be regarded as non-recurring or gray market. However, the signing of a memorandum of cooperation will bring quality and quantity changes. The former refers to the regularization of the existing business, while the latter concerned about the introduction of a variety of services, including deposits, remittances, foreign exchange and credit cards. These changes prompted an offshore yuan market in Hong Kong. Expansion of renminbi deposits of great significance. All sectors of HongKong welcomed the announcement Tuesday by the Peoples Bank of China regarding the expansion of the scope of renminbi (RMB) business in Hong Kong. These measures will further facilitate cross-border spending by mainland and Hong Kong residents and promote economic integration between the two sides. The agreement of the State Council to expand RMB business in Hong Kong helps strengthen Hong Kongs role as an international financial center. (Xinhua 2005) In the past, the yuan is basically limited to payment or as a transaction medium. Retail spending in the Mainland demand or for commercial purposes has been held by residents of the major media yuan. With the introduction of deposit-taking business, the RMB will expand its functions, has become a store of assets, greatly stimulate the demand for money. At the higher interest rates and expectations of RMB appreciation, the renminbi deposits will be particularly attractive. Limit the exp ansion of the RMB exchange rate 20000 6000 yuan, will help to strengthen this effect. Remittance and credit card business also has considerable potential. So far, the money changers offer lower fees and charges underground money so that they can capture most of the business. Nevertheless, the introduction of renminbi deposits, allowing banks to directly debit customer deposits account for remittances, which will enhance the competitiveness of the banks. Banks will also benefit from increased credit / debit cards, credit limit, and a license Mainland visitors in Hong Kong, ATM withdrawals. Under the new arrangements, Hong Kong will establish a RMB clearing system. The expanded RMB clearing services will be launched in two stages. The first stage of service, to be introduced on 5 December 2005, includes the clearing services for the newly expanded scope of deposits, exchange, remittance and bank cards. The second stage, due to be launched on 6 March 2006, covers the clearing ser vices of RMB cheques, together with the introduction of the RSS. (BOCHK 2005/11) In the absence of freely convertible and the lack of overseas settlement facilities, the yuan has not yet become a real foreign currency. Now, Bank of China will be selected as the RMB clearing bank. The bank will be the Bank of China branch in Shenzhen to open a RMB settlement account, and other banks to participate in personal RMB business clearing and settlement services. Through the China National Foreign Exchange Trading Center and the provision of relevant information, it will also provide money transfer services, including remittance diversion, position covering, and the sale of yuan. All the measures marked the beginning of Hong Kong to become yuan offshore centers. Through the creation of the worlds first offshore renminbi settlement system, Hong Kong will get a better location as a basis for moving towards yuan offshore centers. However, Hong Kong an offshore yuan market, at present there i s no uniform standard, not to mention the renminbi offshore center. Relative to other currencies of the overseas operations, the RMB business in the portfolio on the client and there were essential differences. RMB business in Hong Kong is limited to individual customers, only deposits of Hong Kong residents (holders of Hong Kong Identity Card), does not include commercial entities and non-residents. Offshore business in other currencies is based on target companies and institutions, as well as non-residents as the main customers. This means that renminbi business in Hong Kong is the only retail scale. In Hong Kong is limited to the above four operations, but the overseas markets against other currencies can engage in a number of other private businesses, including loans, securities and derivatives. From the state governments control, Hong Kongs offshore yuan market is limited. Bank of China, Hong Kong must also obtain consent to conduct RMB business. The reason is not yet fully convertible yuan and the current arrangement is preferential treatment in Hong Kong. In fact, while Hong Kongs offshore yuan market, steady growth, but in the yuan to become fully convertible, Hong Kong is to become an offshore renminbi still a long way from the center. Hong Kong has great potential to become a renminbi offshore center, because Hong Kong has a bright future as the renminbi offshore center. Hong Kong is on the path to becoming a fully-fledged offshore centre for the yuan, with full convertibility to eventually follow. It would be good for Hong Kong if it could become an offshore yuan market. As the yuan is now being recognised in many countries, many foreign countries might wish to set up Hong Kong bank accounts for yuan transactions. Many could also see the benefits of setting up offices in Hong Kong as our legal and financial services can assist them doing business in China.The main immediate beneficiary of the agreement will be the bank selected to establish a yuan clearing centre, which will channel yuan from Hong Kong to China. This would allow an outlet for the massive amounts of mainland currency circulating in Hong Kong. (HKMA 2003) First, Yuan could become a major international currency, and thereby also become offshore transactions in major currencies. At present, the number of surrounding areas yuan in circulation has been increasing. Some commercial banks and the central banks use RMB as a reserve currency. In the 2002 World Cup in South Korea banks currency exchange, the yuan has been given to the U.S. dollar, Japanese yen and the euro the same position. The Bank of Korea further pointed out that the four major international currencies and the currency is the reserve currency. All aspects of development reflect the maturity of the renminbi as an international currency status. Frist, Chinas economy is expanding rapidly. In 2002, China has the worlds sixth largest GDP countries in the world and the economy of Southeast Asia has become an engine of growth. By 2010, gross domestic product is expected to more than double that of 2000 and advancing to the worlds first 3. To further advance to the second position is possible in 2015. Chinas growing economy will support the renminbi become an international currency. Second, RMB enjoy a higher yuan and improve its international reputation. The RMB exchange rate has remained stable, as a unified exchange rate system was developed in the 1990s. During the Asian financial crisis, the Chinese Government didnt choose to devaluate RMB in order to prevent the competitive devaluation. This year, China has not succumbed to the expected appreciation of RMB which further demonstrate their attention to the interests of all parties and stability of commitments. In addition, China has 3,000 billion in international reserves, which is the second time the worlds largest international reserves, to maintain exchange rate stability and improve the international credibility play a major role. Third, For the Chinas banking system still have a problem, the Administration proposed a comprehensive reform, including the injection of bad debt write-off, market, the introduction of foreign capital, in order to strengthen corporate governance, which is widely expected to take effect in the reform, the RMB will be fully convertible . Second, the overall international trade position of China is estimated to maintain balance or slight surplus. Also, this will help to develop Hong Kong as the largest offshore center for the renminbi.An international division of labor with China was produced by the economic forces of globalization, as the worlds major factory, a huge number of Chinese imports of raw materials and components and export finished products to the United States and European markets. This has led to Chinas trade deficit to surge in Asia, especially East Asia such as Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea and Japan. In the first 9 months of this year, Chinas trade deficit reached USD39.27 billion U.S. dollars in Asia, while the trade surplus with the United States and Europe, and USD9.67 to reach USD40.89 billion. In this mode, the large supply of an offshore yuan market will appear in East Asia. On trade in services, the mainland tourists going abroad has been more than 16 million U.S. dollars, double-digit growth, but also the main destination is East Asia. This is another yuan source of supply. Thus, many East Asian cities to conduct RMB business in Hong Kong will become the center of East Asia. Since the outbreak of the Asian financial crisis, Hong Kongs status as an international financial center has declined, which is reflected that the bank reduce the number of contraction of external assets and liabilities of banks, offshore lending business contraction, and refused to foreign exchange transactions. However, Hong Kong started offshore renminbi business in Hong Kong would mean the development of new business in another currency ear ly. Hong Kong can operate RMB products, and the yuan to become the worlds major offshore centers when the yuan to become fully convertible. By that time, the size of Hong Kongs offshore operations will be strengthened, and to enhance Hong Kong as an international financial center. Research Methods Research design descriptors Category Options The degree to which the research question has been crystallized Exploratory study Formal study The method of data collection Monitoring Communication Study The power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under study Experimental Ex post facto The purpose of the study Reporting Descriptive Causal-Explanatory Causal-Predictive The time dimension Cross-sectional Longitudinal The topical scope-breadth and depth-of the study Case Statistical study The research environment Field setting Laboratory research Simulation The participants perceptional awareness of the research activity Actual routine Modified routine Data collection method Self-administered survey The research survey will be designed to collect the data for market in Hong Kong. This research survey is basically separated into five aspects of RMB-related banking business which includes the RMB deposits, RMB credit card, RMB c ash withdrawal service, RMB bonds and RMB product and service innovations base on the consumer behavior, demands and interest. Also, this research is implemented by Internet survey. Telephone Interview In additional, the same research survey will be implemented by telephone interview. The interviewee can give their ideas and suggest of RMB-related services and products of Bank of China via telephone interview. It can collect the useful ideas from target customers. Face to face interview The group interview will be hold to collect the direct opinions of RMB-related business. Bank of China can test the response of new RMB-related services and products from the focus group directly. It is very important part for Bank of China to adjust and refine the RMB-related services and products. Sampling Method The convenience sampling will be used in this research. It is because convenience is the non-profitability sampling which is lower cost, more feasibility, limited objecti ve, better time manner and no need to generalize. Furthermore, the efficient and useful RMB-related research should be calculated and collected by a huge quantity of interviewee because of each people almost use banking services in Hong Kong nowadays. Sample size In this research, about 180 interviewees will be contacted by self-administered survey, telephone Interview and face to face interview. Project Plan ID Task name Start Finish Jan 2010 Feb 2010 Mar 2010 Apr 2010 May 2010 Jun 2010 Jul 2010 1 Preparation of final research proposal 10/01/10 30/01/10 2 Brainstorming 20/01/10 15/02/10 3 Interview 15/02/10 15/03/10 4 Data collection 16/03/10 30/03/10 5 Data analysis 01/04/10 15/04/10 6 First draft of research report 16/04/10 01/05/10 7 Research report presentation 01/05/10 14/05/10 8 Second draft of research report 15/05/10 30/05/10 9 Final draft of research report 01/06/10 25/06/10 10 Submission of research project report 25/06/10 10/07/10

Dbms Comparison - 2517 Words

TOTAL NUMBER OF WORDS FOUND IN DOCUMENT = 1,891 DBMS Comparisons DBM502 Week 2 Individual Assignment Abstract This paper will discuss and make comparisons on the markets top Database Management Systems (DBMS) currently available. The paper includes a table for side-by-side comparisons of feature sets and other factors required when making decisions on which DBMS to purchase and implement in a business. While this may not be a complete list of all available DBMS systems it will include important discussions on aspects required when evaluating any major application / system choice.#61692; Introduction Currently in todays complex computer systems environment there are more choices available than ever before. While†¦show more content†¦Each package has some features that a business owner may find important. As I see it, going from one package to another is natural progression of how these applications are perceived. 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Creating a database is easy, the day-to-day maintenance and upkeep not to mention the requirements in getting the data populated into the database can really show itself if a company tries to take this burden on its own. Even though MySQL is a freeware application there are numerous developers and DB Administrators available to help implementation and expansion of thisShow MoreRelatedSap Han An Effortless Winner Over Oracle3506 Words   |  15 Pagesexecute a SQL query in a relatively smaller amount of time. It involves the steps of the query going through the scanning and parsing phase, query optimization, query interpretation and compilation and finally the execution. A thorough experimental comparison shows that SAP HANA illustrates advantages over the Ora cle RDBMS, when given real-world data and practical queries. Next into limelight is the version control repository. 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Understanding Organisational Culture in My School

Question: Discuss about the Understanding Organisational Culture in My School. Answer: Introduction The following essay is going to examine the structure and practice of organisational culture in my school that is situated in Saudi Arabia. Being a teacher of a girls school in Saudi, one feels quite interested in talking about the organisational culture. However, before carrying on with the detailed analysis of the culture and behaviour of the stakeholders in my organisation, the concept of organisation needs to be succinctly cleared. Organisation is a joint venture of the individuals who work together and share their ideas together. Since the essay is set to deal with the schools, the idea of organisation ought to be shifted from a mere concept of business organisation to an institute where creativity and excellence is moulded regularly. Schools have their own culture essence and value; hence, it needs not to be compare to a business organisation. It is the amalgamation of teachers, students and non-teaching staff. They are highly associated with the daily work-share (Smyth and Dur yan 2016). An ideal organisational culture is witnessed when there is equal and sensible sharing of organisational values and importance among every working individual. The cultural aspect of a school has major two sections: the teachers and the students. There are other two sections as well who contribute to the formation of certain culture. They are the external stakeholders- the parents and government. Schools witness integrity among all their working members. This is perhaps the only organisation where both the service provider and the gainer of the service take equal part in maintaining organisational culture. Schools in Saudi Arabia are highly influenced by Islamic religious essence (Hassan, Fan and Johnstone 2014). Since, religion is one of the major integration in Arabian life style, the students and the teachers are no exception of it. The schools in Saudi follow both the traditional and modern curriculum. Science and religion are perfectly incorporated and amalgamated in the Arabian schools (Alqahtani et al. 2016) I was a teacher in girl schools in Saudi. The Total student strength of the school is.... There are ....teaching staff and ... non teaching staff working together adhering to the direction of the Principal. The advantage lies in the fact that the Principal and the Vice Principal form equal understanding with each other. Since all the teachers are professional educators, they are found to be working collectively through sharing ideas and goals. All of the teachers in our school share the equal responsibility, which is to educate and edify the students to the utmost level. Lifelong learning is promoted and modelled by the teachers, which is highly supported by our students. The school is not considered ones property. To us, the school is a place of holy gathering where the teachers and the students meet together and strive to learn collectively. Collective learning is practised through group activity and mind mapping. In every academic level, we strive to improvise our performance through innovative teaching skills and the students cordially welcome that. (Niblock 2015) Reference: Alqahtani, N., Kanasa, H., Garrick, B. and Grootenboer, P., 2016. Saudi Teachers Perceptions of the Qualities of Effective Teachers.Australian Journal of Sustainable Business and Society,2(1). Hassan, A., Fan, I.S. and Johnstone, A., 2014. Level of Awareness and Understanding of the Meaning of TQM in Girls Public Schools in Saudi Arabia. InEDULEARN14 Proceedings(pp. 7223-7232). IATED. Niblock, T. ed., 2015.State, Society and Economy in Saudi Arabia (RLE Saudi Arabia)(Vol. 6). Routledge. Smyth, H.J. and Duryan, M., 2016, May. The impact of organisational culture on megaproject learning. 4th International Mega-Projects Workshop.

Sticking to the Rules

STICKING TO THE RULES The thing about the English language is that when it can, it defies most of the rules. The â€Å"rules† are so loose that they’re more like guidelines or suggestions – and a lot of people out there want to give you their interpretation of the language. There’s the Associated Press Stylebook, New York Times Manual of Style and Usage, Chicago Manual of Style, Strunk and White’s ever-popular The Elements of Style, and many, many other usage books that are tailored to specific genres or audiences (technical writing, academic writing, etc). While many of â€Å"the rules† are actually up for debate, the secret to ending that merry-go-round of confusion is simple: create your own rules! 1. Make your own rules Consider the serial comma. In MLA format, you need to include the serial comma, as in â€Å"apples, oranges, and bananas.† But the serial comma isn’t requisite, so leave it out if you prefer â€Å"black bears, brown bears and polar bears.† Other â€Å"rules† that can be broken include not ending sentences with prepositions or splitting infinitives. If it makes for better, lucid copy, go ahead and break the rules. But don’t go overboard – you still need to obey the timeless rules of grammar that make your copy easy to read. You can’t take it upon yourself to forever banish periods from the ends of sentences. Essential grammar rules (i.e. most of the rules) are non-negotiable. 2. Stick to your house rules This should be easy to follow. There is no excuse for breaking your own rules – if you use the serial comma, keep using it; if you don’t, don’t use it. The last few decades have introduced a slew of new words that still have yet to be pinned down as â€Å"correct.† Until then, their usage, spelling, and capitalization are still fluid, forcing everyone to decide how these new words will be incorporated in their house style. For instance, do you email or e-mail? Do you surf the Internet, internet, Net, or net? And is it a Web site, web site, or website? Truth is, any of those are as good as the others.

The Movements and Reactions of Dogs in Crates and Outside Yards

The Movements and Reactions of Dogs in Crates and Outside Yards At present, several dogs live as treasured cohorts and chums for the young and old similarly and frequently are treated as indispensible elements of the family. However, since most dog owners confine the dogs at home improperly during the day when they go to work, dogs undergo social withdrawal which in turn affects the movements and reactions of dogs.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Movements and Reactions of Dogs in Crates and Outside Yards specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This study discusses the types of movements and reactions exhibited by dogs in the two confinement areas, the crate and the outside yard. According to theoretical and empirical research, dogs confined in yards exhibit unwanted behavior like barking, chewing and digging while those confined in crates exhibit behaviors like hyper impulsivity and social withdrawal. Throughout its early relationship with human being, the dog acted as a gifte d and an indispensible support for survival. In various parts of the globe, dogs were sorted to guard homes, move farm animals and support hunters. However, as our customs developed and modern expertise took the place of most of the dog’s responsibilities, the dog’s working role reduced. At present, several dogs live as treasured cohorts and chums for the young and old similarly and frequently are treated as indispensible elements of the family. However, since most dog owners confine the dogs at home improperly during the day when they go to work, dogs undergo social withdrawal which in turn affects the movements and reactions of dogs. Adjustment difficulties often manifest themselves in form of destructive behaviors, excessive vocalization and hyper active movements (Case 205). It is important to confine dogs properly when one is away from home. Dog trainers and behaviorists report that difficult matters frequently occur in owner-absent dogs that are not confined well , especially those that are usually left in a dog crate for a long time or outside the possessors yard (Dunbar 156).Most dogs never get challenging opportunities that come as a result of exposure to the outside world as they are always confined in yards (Miller 56). While in the yard, the dog intensely goes through social deficiency and thus resorts to barking, chewing and digging so as to alleviate distress. Left alone in the yard, many dogs will spend much time barking so as to reduce boredom and to seek attention from the absent pack (Dunbar 156).Dogs left at home may also bark in reaction to outside stimulus, a threat, physical needs or annoyance (Miller 57). Too much barking is much dangerous once it becomes habitual as changing it is very difficult as long as the dog stays outside.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Most dogs build up a habit of digging when le ft unattended in the yard (Donaldson 34). Though, some types of dogs are more likely to exhibit digging manners than others, many dogs will finally dig in reaction to a smell, to bury an item, to be reunited with their group, to preserve or diffuse heat, or to amuse themselves. Digging is also hard to stop once developed (Case 207). Dogs left at the outside yard develop destructive chewing. Most dogs in the yard chew so as to alleviate nervousness, monotony or just for pleasure (MC Connell 76). Similar to digging and barking, chewing is a normal canine action that can be foreseen and channeled. Clearly, if we are not there to mediate, this action can lead to damage of property and can cause severe hurt to the dog, such as intestinal obstruction or damage. There are other reactions that are exhibited by dogs that are confined outside. Some dogs will engage in self-damaging actions such as making lick granulomas to ease their nervousness or monotony (Case 207). The enclosure itself ma y strengthen any basic territorial violence in vulnerable dogs. Dogs left outdoor may experience unkind or inconsiderate behavior from human beings, with lasting behavioral effects, or can be uncovered from undomesticated or wandering animals, which can spread infections and parasites (Miller 57). Outdoor dogs can build up storm fears and are at a danger of acquiring heatstroke and hypothermia. Dogs left alone outside tend to jump, scale the barriers, excavate under the fence, or get through electric barriers so as to ease their suffering or to trail some outside stimulus (Case 207). On the other hand, some dogs left indoors are usually confined in crates. Paradoxically, the very tool that is intended to provide safe indoor confinement, the crate, is at times used well or wrongly creating problems instead of reducing them (Donaldson 35). Dogs restricted in crates for extended periods of time may build up unwanted behaviors, and too much crating often aggravates any previous behavior problem. Too much use of the crate can create a dog that is hyper impulsive outside the crate (Donaldson 35). Equally, many dogs that are crated for long durations become depressed. An already existing behavior like hostility or diffidence may strengthen in reaction to the dogs aggravation at being crated too much. Conversely, a crate can act as a dogs cave that is a source of security and relieve in the absence of the owner, if used correctly (Miller 78). Avoiding undesirable behavior by using the right way of confinement at home is easier than regulating unwanted behavior after it has been formed. Since most unwanted behaviors in dogs are caused by feelings of social withdrawal, the owner should provide him with regular exercise so as to ensure that he does not feel isolated the moment the owner leaves for work. At the same time, it’s important for the owner to offer sufficient intellectual stimulation and social contact during hours of leisure.Advertising We will write a custom term paper sample on The Movements and Reactions of Dogs in Crates and Outside Yards specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More A dog’s movements and reactions are usually determined by the environment of the dog. For the purpose of this research, we have explored the movements and reactions of dogs in different areas of confinement: in the crate and outside yard. By integrating various theoretical frameworks with natural observation we have drawn a concrete conclusion on the topic. Previous studies in this area of study have not managed to do this, making this research unique. Natural Observation For this study, I observed two three ear-old female dogs of the same breed. The owners of the two dogs were both employed in a certain Industrial Company in the city. One dog used to be left indoors in a crate while the other dog used to be left in the outside yard. I observed the frequency at which the two dogs were barking, chewing, m aking lick granulomas, jumping, exhibiting hyper impulsivity and other general unwanted behaviors. I made these observations three times per day for two weeks, in the two different homes. Limitations of the Experimental Evidence The research was limited to only two dogs. The research was limited to only female dogs. The research was limited to a period of three two weeks. Implications Dogs exhibit different reactions and movements when left at home depending on the mode of confinement. Dogs that are usually confined in a crate are usually hyper impulsive, easily aggravated, depressed, hostile and totally withdrawn. On the other hand, dogs confined in the outside yard frequently bark, chew and dig. They also jump around and try to remove barriers that restrict them to their areas of confinement.Advertising Looking for term paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Instead of leaving a dog in a crate, it would be better to confine the dog in a room with barriers when going out for more than five hours. In case one is confining his dog to the crate one should always visit the dog during mid day if it is possible so as to offer social contact to the dog, with the aim of avoiding the development of unwanted behaviors. If this is not possible, acquire the help of a friend, a pet sitter or a neighbor. No dog must be crated all through the day as this is harmful to the dog. Finally, be ready to keep your dog active immediately you reach home. Whether he was restricted when you were not there or not, you cannot expect him to wait for you unwearyingly as you place your feet up and examine the paper, when you get home from work. You should be aware that the dog has been trying to cope with social deficiency the whole day and thus is worthy your complete concentration once you arrive. Obviously you cannot leave your job so as to settle home with your do g, but with arrangement, pre-emptive guidance, and the right confinement, you can create those inescapable times of social separation much less hectic for him. Future Trends Further research can be done on the same but using two different breeds of dogs. As this research was done during the day, another research can be done at night for comparison. Conclusion In conclusion, since most dog owners confine their dogs at home during the day when they go to work, it’s important to do it properly. This will aid in reduce the chances of the dog developing undesired behaviors. As seen from the theoretical and empirical research, both methods of confining dogs; confining the dog in a crate and leaving the dog in the yard; result to different undesirable behaviors. However, confining dogs in a crate results to more severe unwanted behavior. Since we cannot leave work to stay with our dogs, it is preferable to confine dogs in the outside yard. According to the theoretical and empirical research, dogs confined in yards exhibit different unwanted behaviors. While in the yard, the dog intensely goes through social deficiency and thus resorts to barking, chewing and digging so as to alleviate distress. They spend much time barking so as to reduce boredom and to seek attention from the absent pack. Dogs also dig when left unattended in the yard . However, some types of dogs are more likely to exhibit digging manners than others, many dogs will finally dig in reaction to a smell, to bury an item, to be reunited with their group, to preserve or diffuse heat, or to amuse them. Most dogs left in the yard also chew so as to alleviate nervousness, monotony or just for pleasure. Other reactions and movements of dogs in the yard include: self-damaging actions such as making lick granulomas, jumping, scaling the barriers and excavating under the fence. Dogs restricted in crates for extended periods of time may build up unwanted behaviors, and too much crating often aggravates a ny previous behavior problem. Equally, many dogs that are crated for long durations become depressed. An already existing behavior like hostility or diffidence may strengthen in reaction to the dogs aggravation at being crated too much. Case, Linda. The Dog: Its Behavior, Nutrition and Health. New York: Wiley-Blackwell, 2005. Donaldson, Jean. The Culture Class. London: James and Kenneth Publishers, 1996. Dunbar, Ian. How to Teach a New Dog Old Tricks. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Mc Connell, Patricia. The Other End of the Leash. London: Sage, 2003. Miller, Pat. The Power of Positive Dog Training. London: Thomson Learning, 2008.

Determine Concentration and Molarity

Determine Concentration and Molarity Molarity is one of the most common and important units of concentration used in chemistry. This concentration problem illustrates how to find the molarity of a solution if you know how much solute and solvent are present. Concentration and Molarity Example Problem Determine the molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of NaOH in sufficient water to yield a 482 cm3 solution. How to Solve the Problem Molarity is an expression of the moles of solute (NaOH) per liter of solution (water). To work this problem, you need to be able to calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and be able to convert cubic centimeters of a solution into liters. You can refer to the Worked Unit Conversions if you need more help. Step 1 Calculate the number of moles of NaOH that are in 20.0 grams. Look up the atomic masses for the elements in NaOH from the Periodic Table. The atomic masses are found to be: Na is 23.0H is 1.0O is 16.0 Plugging these values: 1 mol NaOH weighs 23.0 g 16.0 g 1.0 g 40.0 g So the number of moles in 20.0 g is: moles NaOH 20.0 g Ãâ€" 1 mol/40.0 g 0.500 mol Step 2 Determine the volume of solution in liters. 1 liter is 1000 cm3, so the volume of solution is: liters solution 482 cm3 Ãâ€" 1 liter/1000 cm3 0.482 liter Step 3 Determine the molarity of the solution. Simply divide the number of moles by the volume of solution to get the molarity: molarity 0.500 mol / 0.482 litermolarity 1.04 mol/liter 1.04 M Answer The molarity of a solution made by dissolving 20.0 g of NaOH to make a 482 cm3 solution is 1.04 M Tips for Solving Concentration Problems In this example, the solute (sodium hydroxide) and solvent (water) were identified. You may not always be told which chemical is the solute and which is the solvent. Often the solute is a solid, while the solvent is a liquid. Its also possible to make up solutions of gases and solids or of liquid solutes in liquid solvents.  In general, the solute is the chemical (or chemicals) present in smaller amounts. The solvent makes up most of the solution.  Molarity is concerned with the total volume of the solution, not the volume of the solvent. You can approximate molarity by dividing moles of solute by volume of solvent that is added, but this isnt correct and can lead to significant error when a large amount of solute is present.Significant figures can also come into play when reporting concentration in molarity. There will be a degree of uncertainty in the mass measurement of the solute. An analytical balance will yield a more precise measurement than weighing on a kitchen scale, fo r example. The glassware used to measure the volume of solvent also matters. A volumetric flask or graduated cylinder will yield a more precise value than a beaker, for example. Theres also an error in reading the volume, relating to the meniscus of the liquid. The number of significant digits in your molarity is only as many as that in your least precise measurement.

Portfolio Cover Letter Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Portfolio Cover Letter - Essay Example However, the main assignments made me come to the realization that I had a long way to go to become an accomplished writer. The connect assignment, the literature review and rhetorical analysis essay as well as the class wikis were some of the assignments we engaged in and while the first ones were pretty simple, however as they became more structured and complex in nature it became more challenging. Assignments such as the forums, essays and creating my Twitter page about Journey to the west were all helpful in enabling me to better structure my writing and integrate the skills that I had gained from connect assignments. Each subsequent writing assignment enabled me to better my skills and open my mind to new, unique and creative ideas. I had the most difficulty with the wiki assignment since I had not yet learned how to be flexible in my writing enough to provide what was needed by the professor. It was also the first time creating a wiki and while I had thought that the presence of links within the information I was giving was optional, I did not do the assignment with as open a mind as I should have had. I also had a difficult time clearly researching on the provided topic which I think actively contributed to the low grade that I got. I did feel a sense of disappointment but fast came to the realization that I could improve and I therefore decided to take the comments that I had been given to heart instead of looking at it from a negative point of view. The connect assignments were also key in my growth; when we first began, I thought that it would be easy since I was familiar with the use of verbs and shifting tenses however the intensity and difficulty of the assignments got to me and I soon found that I was struggling to keep to the set time for handing in the assignments. However, while I was at times late, my level of engagement in each of the assignments I did was consistent and on point since I was driven by

Skills and Strengths of a Nutritionists Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Skills and Strengths of a Nutritionists - Essay Example Service orientation is the third skill that is necessary for any nutritionist (Anthony, 2006). Whereas employment is based on how much is offered for the position, it is equally necessary for one to be motivated by the desire to serve that the hunger to gain wealth. A needier place is the hospital where the patients feel helpless and their life lies deeply on your hand to serve them without having to consider what you get out of it. As a nutritionist is such a setting, one should be actively looking for a way to offer help to other people. My driving force has always been the desire to serve others and not the gains associated with my service. This skill suits me for a hospital where I will be in a better position to help others who are in need. Fourth is time management which involves managing both one's time and that of others. A chain of activities occurs in a hospital which calls for the need to properly manage one's time so that one does not inconvenience others. A proper time s chedule should be laid down and be followed strictly to improve the efficiency of service. Speaking is also a necessary strength in this practice (Proper, 2009). This skill enables one to convey information to others by talking to them. Speaking to people gives one a platform to convince them to do what is right. In speaking, a nutritionist is able to give advice to both the medical professionals, patients and their families. I have demonstrated a proven ability to effectively communicate verbally to people.

A Book Report on “Heat” By Mike Lupika Essay Example for Free

A Book Report on â€Å"Heat† By Mike Lupika Essay Sportswriter named Mike Lupika intelligently wrote a piece of story that proves life is still beautiful despite the heartbreaks and difficulties. The author also portrays a story that illuminates the truth that a person’s talent is special and must be developed by the one who was gifted as such. The social behavior displayed in the book is very degrading that some of the male characters in the book including their adult friends lied to the authorities (â€Å"Heat†). However, the interesting and notable parts of the fiction are those that mentioned fast food like Mc Donald and those drink and clothing brands that were mentioned in the book. According to Common Sense Media Website, the book entitled â€Å"Heat† has 220 pages and published by Penguin Putnam, Incorporated (â€Å"Heat†). The book is also published last April 16, 2006 and its genre is fiction about sports (â€Å"Heat†). There are many things that can be learned in the book like surviving in a difficult life, ethical standards like honesty, and developing a gift or talent that only a few lucky people can have in this world. Moreover, the book entitled â€Å"Heat† is a story about a boy who is so talented in the field of baseball sports. The story of Michael who is a 12 year-old pitcher tells about being poor and orphaned but with positive attitude in life. The story revolves around the hopes of Michael’s father that his son could play with the Little League World Series. Michael’s difficulties worsened when he was accused by a player and a rival coach that the disclosure of his age was fabricated (â€Å"Heat†). As a result, Michael was suspended from playing baseball after it was divulged and alleged that he was older that he mentioned in his profile as a player. However, Michael was able to face all these problems positively by being cheerful and well-adjusted. Works Cited â€Å"Heat†. 2008. Common Sense Media Website. 8 September 2008 http://www. commonsensemedia. org/book-reviews/Heat. html

Caring for the Mentally Ill Essay examples -- Health Care, Diseases

Policy Problem: Caring for the Mentally Ill The healthcare system, as a whole, faces many challenges when caring for vulnerable populations. Included in this population are individuals suffering from mental illness. More than 450 million people suffer from a mental health condition (WHO, 2010). Mental health and suicide prevention should be made national priorities. With the lack of resources and public knowledge of this population, healthcare providers are struck with the difficult task of educating the public of the importance of â€Å"mental health for overall health.† Public attitudes, and the stigma attached with mental illness, is a major barrier to treatment. Those suffering from mental illness are deprived of the treatment and support they need due to low self-esteem and feelings of hopelessness, derived from the stigma attached by the public. Poor mental health is associated with exclusion from social groups, difficult work environments, unhealthy lifestyles, risk of violence and poor physical health, and viol ations of human rights (WHO, 2010). Access to quality care is lacking, as well as, early mental health screenings and referrals, which should be made a common practice. More research in this area is critical, along with, improved quality of care for mental health. Background SOCIAL FACTORS Individuals living with severe mental illness accounted for 9.8 million adults in the year 2008. Among these, 58.7 percent used mental health services, 40.5 percent received outpatient services, and a little over seven percent received inpatient services for a mental health problem (Addiction and Mental Health Treatment Center, 2009). Globally, there is a chance that one out of four people will experience some kind of mental heal... ...eloping mental illness being high, the need for care is growing. Access to adequate care is an issue for individuals needing mental health services. Lack of, or late treatment, has resulted in a large number of suicides. High cost of coverage for mental illness has been an issue until the pass of the mental health parity act. Other bills and policies have been proposed to benefit those with a mental disorder in order get the care they deserve. The goal is to reduce the stigma with seeking treatment for mental health disorders, to promote health to the younger population with expanded school programs, to treat mental health with the same respect as physical health, and to do early screenings for mental health disorders and substance abuse. Individuals with mental disorders deserve access to quality care. After all, there is no overall health without mental health. Caring for the Mentally Ill Essay examples -- Health Care, Diseases Policy Problem: Caring for the Mentally Ill The healthcare system, as a whole, faces many challenges when caring for vulnerable populations. Included in this population are individuals suffering from mental illness. More than 450 million people suffer from a mental health condition (WHO, 2010). Mental health and suicide prevention should be made national priorities. With the lack of resources and public knowledge of this population, healthcare providers are struck with the difficult task of educating the public of the importance of â€Å"mental health for overall health.† Public attitudes, and the stigma attached with mental illness, is a major barrier to treatment. Those suffering from mental illness are deprived of the treatment and support they need due to low self-esteem and feelings of hopelessness, derived from the stigma attached by the public. Poor mental health is associated with exclusion from social groups, difficult work environments, unhealthy lifestyles, risk of violence and poor physical health, and viol ations of human rights (WHO, 2010). Access to quality care is lacking, as well as, early mental health screenings and referrals, which should be made a common practice. More research in this area is critical, along with, improved quality of care for mental health. Background SOCIAL FACTORS Individuals living with severe mental illness accounted for 9.8 million adults in the year 2008. Among these, 58.7 percent used mental health services, 40.5 percent received outpatient services, and a little over seven percent received inpatient services for a mental health problem (Addiction and Mental Health Treatment Center, 2009). Globally, there is a chance that one out of four people will experience some kind of mental heal... ...eloping mental illness being high, the need for care is growing. Access to adequate care is an issue for individuals needing mental health services. Lack of, or late treatment, has resulted in a large number of suicides. High cost of coverage for mental illness has been an issue until the pass of the mental health parity act. Other bills and policies have been proposed to benefit those with a mental disorder in order get the care they deserve. The goal is to reduce the stigma with seeking treatment for mental health disorders, to promote health to the younger population with expanded school programs, to treat mental health with the same respect as physical health, and to do early screenings for mental health disorders and substance abuse. Individuals with mental disorders deserve access to quality care. After all, there is no overall health without mental health.

Assessment for Software Essay

?The use of technology to assess student learning has proven useful which has expanded its use in all learining enviroments. Technology has improved education so vastly that some schools are fully online while others mix campus classes with the virtual setting. This has created a steady growth of innovative software being used to assist teachers and stydents within those settings. Some of the software have becoe essential to education. Applying them in consistent manner helps the student build their foundation for life in our technology driven society. The advent of countless wireless devices has elevated our knowledge base and software has elevated as well. Even though some technologies and softwares are exspensive or require added training, the pros outweigh the cons in terms of benefits. Technology in the classroom has showed its value on numerous levels and assesments is another good example. Since technology had proved useful here, many developers have created multiple programs which allow educators to efficiently apply and review traditional assesments. For example, some tests can be given on computers via the school and online within the comforts of home. The results can be stored and shared easily with parents and other adminstrators within the school district to ensure accuracy. This is good because modifications can be made easily pertaining to the content and other needs for revision. Using these softwares in traditional schools has been so successful that new online schools have come into existence. This type of distance learning leans primarily on software for all assessments. GCU and Walden university are just a few examples of entities that use software for assessments. In education we must have assessments to grasp a view of whats being understood and what needs to be reviewed. These assessments can be formative or summative. Summative assessments are ones given at any time such as pop quizzes or tests after certain content. Formal assessents are given over a time span with multiple activities being took into account. Its helps the teachers rewiew whats being taight to ensure mastery of the content. There is also self assessment and peer assessment which are fors of student assessment. Using assessments is a great tool to ensure students are equally learning whats needed for full understanding of content. A good eaple of an beneficial assessment are mid-term exams. Students get to review their strengths and defiencies and guide further endeavors in the right direction. Technology has changed this aspect as well. Tests can now be taken on computers which is easier to grade and overall more efficient. Results can also be stored digitally for ongoing review. Some applications in this area may require added technological knowledge of teachers but should be easily manuervered by average students of this digital age. Other major aspects that have hindered expanded use of software for assessments are the availability of necessary equipment and qualified instructors to facilitate them. Low income areas don’t have funds for upgrades and most teachers have a knowledge base that predates todays capabilities resulting in a need for extra training. This training can be time consuming and sometimes expensive. Our government is trying to counter these problems with grants for teachers and schools. Even though it can be agreed that software has given assessmnets a needed uplift, they are some situations that digital assessments may not be the most accurate. For example, subjects like advanced science and health require hands on eperiences which would in turn have some traditional assessments. For example, I primarily wanted to take education with emphasis on chemistry online but I was informed I needed to be able to go to a traditional lab because of the content matter and instruction needed to master such. Areas such as language and mathematics don’t have those issues. These challenges have created new curriculum consisting of online mixed with campus courses. Depending on the content, a teacher must be prepared to use new assessment software and traditional assessments. In conclusion, technology has created new means to evaluate everyone involved in our educational system. With the use of software, these assesments can be modified and reviewed easier than ever. Using these This usage has rewards not only in classrooms but in nature with less use of paper, pencils and other tangible products.

Explain the Strengths and Weaknesses of Aquinas’ Cosmological Argument

a) Explain the strengths and weaknesses of Aquinas’ cosmological arguments. The cosmological argument is an a posteriori argument based on the question of the relation of the universe’s existence and God’s existence. This argument focuses on the theory that if the universe exists then something must have caused it to existence, ie. A God or Creator. Supporters of this argument claim that to fully comprehend the existence of the universe, one must rely on a theory of a God however critics would say that due to the inability to prove God’s existence means that the universe cannot be fully explained.Many who don’t support the cosmological believe there doesn’t necessarily need to be an explanation for the universe’s existence as it simply exists. Some strengths of the cosmological argument is that it gives an explanation and reason for the universe as oppose to thinking everything just exists because it does. People may find comfort in th e cosmological argument and believing that a God created the universe as it gives the impression that everything in the universe has a specific purpose instead of just being random.Another strength is due to the argument being an a posteriori argument and it being from everyday experience of the universe. In other words, our experience of the universe aids our understanding that certain aspects of the universe have specific purposes and exist for specific reasons which gives strong support for this argument. The fact that the argument also helps develop an understanding of popular questions helps it to be a strong theory. A question such as ‘Why is there a universe? can be answered with the cosmological argument as believing that God created the universe provides an answer. The ideas on cause and effect, motion and change and contingency are clear and easy to follow making it comprehendible and easy to support. For many people, the idea that God is the cause of the universe is straightforward and no more explanation is required. Aquinas put forward three questions to answer the inquires about God’s existence whilst forming the cosmological argument.There were five proofs which he came up with but his three ways are commonly used as the cosmological argument for the existence of God. The first way is motion, the second is causation and the third way is the idea that God as a necessary being. The first way which Aquinas provided was very focused on the fact that the universe constantly changes and experiences motion which he went on the relate to the change being caused by an original Creator or God. He believed that we can observe that things in the world are always in motion or changing and is changing from a potential state to an actual state.A chain of events causes things to change from one state to another through the process of motion but the chain of movers cannot continue the process of change and motion forever as then there would be no fi rst mover (I. e. God) and then there would be no other movers. Aquinas emphasised that the first mover was not put into motion by anyone else and is essentially God. This makes the cosmological argument a strong argument to support as helps explain the reason why the universe is constantly changing. Aquinas produced the second way of causation also known as the First Cause Argument.This argument concentrated on the fact that cause and effect existed in the world. Aquinas stressed that all events that happened had a cause and must either be infinite or have its starting point in a first cause. Aquinas couldn’t believe in an endless chain of causes and effects and therefore assumed there had to be some first cause, which was God. Aquinas continued this argument to say that nothing can be a cause of itself. This is a large strength of Aquinas’ cosmological argument as things cannot simply bring themselves into existence so the explanation of a first cause is extremely log ical.Aquinas theory of a first cause gives way for God being called the first uncaused cause as he came to existence unlike anything else. The third way of Aquinas’ cosmological argument is about the idea that God is a necessary being. This argument states that because everything in the universe is contingent and dependant on something else for its existence, the universes explanation leads back to something non-contingent. Everything in the universe is dependant on something else which means that once there was a time when nothing existed. This means that the being which created the niverse must have been external to it and also must be a necessary being, aka, must have always existed. Aquinas continued to argue that this necessary being is God and that if God didn’t exist, nothing else would. This logically explains the existence of the universe without it being contradictory of God’s existence, making the argument strong. However, Aquinas’ cosmological argument did receive some criticisms from David Hume. Hume put forward several responses to the cosmological idea, provided an alternative argument to Aquinas’ beliefs.Hume believed that the idea of the necessary being was incoherent and illogical. Also, he questioned the relation between causes and effects and that every event has a cause. His response to this is that the argument provided no proof for events having causes and as humans, we never actually experience causation therefore providing an argument against the first and second way which Aquinas produced. Hume also criticised the idea of the first cause as he implied it was too confusing to follow.The word ‘cause’ itself creates confusion as the first cause doesn’t have anything to do with the actual cause which we understand. There is a contradiction as the world ‘cause’ implies a finite thing whereas a God would be infinite. Hume pointed out that calling God a cause made him seem l ike he belonged with all the other finite beings. Another one of Hume’s arguments against Aquinas’ idea of a first cause was his criticism that there is no proof saying there should be only one first cause or that that first cause was the Christian God.The ‘uncaused cause’ that Aquinas described is a largely different character to the Christian God and Aquinas doesn’t specify of any qualities which God is supposed to behold. Hume labelled this idea illogical as the God Aquinas described was a being out of touch and indifferent to the universe he apparently caused. Hume questioned the necessity of claiming the whole universe has a cause just because it can be explained by a chain of causes. Hume argued that you cannot claim the universe has a cause just because all things in the universe supposedly has a cause.He also claimed that since the universe is beyond our experience, how can we know that the universe has a first cause? Aquinas believed that t he universe could not have just come into existence yet Hume’s argument implied that there is nothing saying that this is not correct and now science can efficiently explain that the universe may have just come into existence randomly. This argument successfully defeats Aquinas’ view about a first cause causing the universe to exist.

9 ways on how to turn your hobby into a successful business

9 ways on how to turn your hobby into a successful business Hobbies are something we enjoy doing when we have free time. Whether it’s painting, playing sports, or even gardening, hobbies help us relax while doing something we love. What if there was a way to get paid to do your hobby? Well, there is! Here are 9 ways you can turn your hobby into a profitable business. It’s time to get paid for something you truly love to do.  Source [ Omni Papers ]

Is Going to College a Waste of Time

Is Going to College a Waste of Time Your whole life, you have been conditioned to believe that you will only get a good job and be successful if you say those four magic words: I’m going to college. More and more researches support the idea that it’s not necessarily true. In fact, although college graduates are more likely to have a higher wage and more stable life, non-college graduates can be just as happy and successful with the right attitude. A Self-Made Life: Can You Survive Without a Degree? Think about it. How many entrepreneurs, thought leaders, and successful businessmen have dropped out of college or never even attended? And, we’re not talking about no-name local success stories. Some of the richest men in the world (Facebook designer Mark Zuckerberg, Macintosh founder Steve Jobs, and Microsoft billionaire Bill Gates, just to name a few) dropped out of college to pursue their fame and fortune. In fact, as college costs rise and jobs become more competitive, college graduates are asking whether the 4-year investment of time and money is really worth it. In a recent Salon article, former Secretary of Labor Robert Reich eviscerates the higher education model as it currently stands. He says: â€Å"Too often in modern America, we equate â€Å"equal opportunity† with an opportunity to get a four-year liberal arts degree. It should mean an opportunity to learn what’s necessary to get a good job.† For many, that means getting a 2-year vocational degree, taking online courses, or starting their own passion-driven business. Since the unemployment rate for recent grads has increased dramatically since the 2007 recession, many savvy and driven students chose to create their own jobs and with amazing success. College-Bound: The Real Scoop Yet, dropping out of college or not attending is no guarantor of success. The U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that those who only receive a 2-year degree or less make almost half on average as those who get a 4-year degree. In addition, their unemployment rate is 30% higher on average. A recent report from the Economic Policy Institute shows that states with higher rates of college grads have corresponding wages and jobs, which means that more college grads actually bring up the wages for everyone else. Not only that, but having a college degree is one of the more basic requirements of getting and keeping a job. According to 2011 Pew Research study, 86% of post-graduate students say that their college degree was a good investment for them. Because so many students are getting college degrees, it is often necessary to have a 4-year degree just to stay competitive in many high-paying job markets. Graduating from college has more personally fulfilling benefits as well. According to Census Bureau statistics, people with college educations have almost half the divorce rate of their degree-free peers. Additionally, the recent Gallup-Healthways Well-Being Index survey, five of the happiest states on earth (Colorado, Minnesota, Vermont, New Hampshire, and Massachusetts) have the highest percentages of college graduates. So, What Really Does Makes a Success? Despite the clear benefits of a college education, most Americans agree that education is not as important as attitude. When asked what makes a person successful, the overwhelming response from the Pew Education survey was that hard work (61%) and getting along with people (57%) were more important than education alone (42%). Additionally, Richard St. John recently shared a TED Talk about his research into what makes people successful. In face-to-face interviews with over 500 successful people in every industry imaginable, he found eight key factors that determine success: Passion Hard Work Focus Pushing Boundaries Ideas Consistently Improving Service Persistence What does this mean for your life? It means that you can be happy and successful whether or not you get a college degree. It all depends on how you approach your life. Whether you choose to get a degree or not, you still need the same basic drive to succeed, people skills, and ability to adapt to change. Final Line You can be successful or unsuccessful regardless of whether you get a college degree. People who are dedicated to being successful in their education will get the benefits of the long-term stability and personal connections that degrees generally provide. Those who are dedicated to being successful outside of the walls of a college building can achieve amazing results as long as they work hard enough and have the vision to change the world. No matter what you choose: whether to pursue a degree or not, your true success comes from knowing what you want and making the sacrifices it takes to achieve your goals. And whatever path you choose, you’ll have satisfaction in your choice. Finally, you’ll be able to say those truly magical four words: I knew I could. Do you think it is worth going to college? What benefits and drawbacks of college do you see? Your opinion is always welcome here!

Article Review pertaining to Ethics Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Review pertaining to Ethics - Article Example Most of these stories flowing within the companies are well established and openly expressed narratives with a clear design. However, some stories are fragmented and hidden from the public lime light. Stories have a moral position within organizations as they contain and deal with both bad and good issues. We can therefore conclude that story telling is a suitable tool for studying ethics within organizations (Gabriel, 2004). Stories on the other hand can be informative of leadership styles used within a company. This is because stories may refer to more democratic and empowering leadership. Instead of direct and intimidating command, stories are interpreted with a view to influence the listener or the follower. On the contrary, an empowering story may turn out to be disempowering to the follower or precisely to employees in an organization. Stories can also be used as a seduction or manipulation tool to staff in an organization. Manipulation in many cases is viewed as a non-ethical way of leadership. The use of hidden power is accounted for as stories are seen as latent way to influence followers (Boje, 2001). Plato stated that anyone who narrates the story governs. To further clarify; this means the narrator has the ability to influence followers through a discursive reality. The narrator can create a publicly expressed social reality and shape it to their desired motives. This places focus on ethical dimensions in leadership stories. Through this, an individual may have either good or bad intentions while narrating their story. The narrator may purse to conceal his intentions with manipulation unknowingly to the listener on the power wield attempts falling upon them. Thus, such a position of leadership is termed as bad and unethical (Ciulla, 2005). This begs the question of what kind of leader possess powerful story telling techniques and resources. A charismatic leader

Russia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Russia - Essay Example The site is beloved by Russians and visitors around the world; hence, making it a valuable example of a cultural landscape (Moscow.Info). From the observations, the Cathedral Square represents a rich cultural history of the Russian Republic. It symbolizes the rule of Tsarist. It was constructed by Ivan the Great. Additionally, the area acts as a center of power, coronation, and an assembly for the nobles, as well as different ceremonial rituals. The Kremlin wall is a vast enclosure of the buildings contained within the Kremlin. The wall creates an impression of a small city. The Grand Kremlin Palace hosts cultural performances from the Kremlin Ballet. The buildings in the Moscow Kremlin link the country to its legendary past (Geographia). The towers and domes of the St. Basil Cathedral have an important cultural history. At first, eight domes were constructed, representing the eight attacks on Kazan. The different colors and shapes of the cathedral are unique and unmatched anywhere in the world; thus, making it a cultural heritage of the Russian people. The bronze statue commemorates Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin, who led a volunteer army against the Polish invasion in the 16th and 17th Century. From the above accounts, it is evident the St. Basil’s Cathedral is one of the cultural landscapes of Russia (Sacred-Destinations) The apartment blocks are unique; hence, they are part of the cultural landscape of the Russian Republic. The construction of these apartment blocks epitomizes the communal living advocated by the Soviet ideology (Obrazkova) The mosque is located in downtown St. Petersburg, and has a cultural and historical meaning to the Muslim community of Russia. The construction of the structure began in 1910; hence, the mosque has been in existence for more than 100 years (Admin). Cultural landscapes are of great importance to any country. They represent the identity of a people and the manner in which humankind co-existed in a given

Business to Business Marketing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Business to Business Marketing - Assignment Example The company under question Cloud Creative Solutions Ltd. is found to work more based on the tool of personal selling while reaching the goods and services produced to the customers. Other than focusing on personal selling alone the company can also render focus on a large number of other marketing communication tools while marketing its different services conducted in the marketing sphere. The different marketing communication tools consist of both traditional means and also other sophisticated modes which depend on the use of internet and digital media. Traditional tools of marketing communication consists of advertising activities on a media plane like use of magazines, newspapers and through other visual and audio modes like radio and television. Moreover advertisements made at various places through the use of billboards can also be used by the company. Cloud Creative Solutions can also market the range of services offered through pasting of advertisements on transport vehicles a nd in entertainment venues like cinema houses. Other forms of marketing communication tools used by retail companies are using different forms of signage both inside and outside the store to attract the attention of consumers. Again the company can work to sponsor large number of events like sports, entertainment and other arts and crafts activities to help gain the views of large number of people. This also helps in enhancing the social image of the company to the external world. The company can also focus on the generation of events like trade shows wherein the consumers get the enlarged view of the different products and services marketed by the company from time to time. Cloud Creative Solutions can also create huge customer hype through the rendering of discounts, promotional coupons, bonus and other price and economy packs to the consumers. The company can also engage in the generation of contests and other sweepstakes to encourage the consumers participate in such events in l arge numbers and thereby gain access and knowledge of the services rendered. Thus Cloud Creative Solutions can depend greatly on the above discussed marketing tools rather than depending greatly on public relations and personal selling to market the large sphere of marketing services. These marketing communication tools in total constitute the realm of promotional tools in the marketing activities of the company (Shimp, 2008, p.7-8). While analyzing the above marketing communication tools it can be inferred that the emergence of the internet would effectively help service marketing companies like Cloud Creative Solutions to gain the attention of large number of consumers both in local and international markets. Moreover through the help of internet marketing the companies can present to the customers lucrative websites containing a large array of information pertaining to the different products and services rendered and thus helps the consumers to make effective choices. Again the i nternet is used as an effective marketing communication tool in that it helps in the spreading of marketing messages of the company to users spread along international boundaries in a highly faster mode than that of other traditional marketing tools depending on digital and printed media. Further the use of mobile communication is also considered as an effective mode for marketing communi

Post Apartheid Public Administration and Batho Pele

Post Apartheid Public Administration and Batho Pele DEFINITION OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION According to Nigro (1988): â€Å"Public Administration (i) is a cooperative group effort in a public setting; (ii) covers all the three branches executive, legislative and judicial, and their inter-relationship; (iii) has an important role in the formulation of public policy and is thus part of the political process; (iv) is different in significant ways from private administration; and (v) is closely associated with numerous private groups and individuals in providing services to the community.† Nigro, F.A., 1988.Modern Public Administration. 5th ed. x: Harpercollins College Div As per Willoughby (1927): â€Å"The term administration may be employed in Political Science in two senses. In its broadest sense it denotes the work involved in the actual conduct of governmental affairs, regardless of the particular branch of government concerned. It is, thus, quite proper to speak of the administration of the legislative branch of the government, the administration of justice or judicial affairs, or the administration of the executive branch as well as the administration of the affairs of the administrative branch of the government, or the conduct of the affairs of the government generally. In its narrowest sense, it denotes the operations of the administrative branch only. As students of Public Administration we are concerned with the narrowest meaning of the term.† Willoughby, W.F., 1927. Principles of Public Administration. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press Jayapalan, N., 2000. Public Administration. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers and Distributors. Page 2 Rosenbloom (1989) said: â€Å"Public Administration does involve activity, it is concerned with politics and policy-making, it tends to be concentrated in the executive branch of government, it does differ from private administration, and it is concerned with implementing law. Public Administration is the use of managerial, legal and political theories and processes to fulfil legislative, executive and judicial governmental mandates for the provision of regulatory and service functions for the society as a whole or for some segments of it.† David H Rosenbloom, 1989.Public administration: Understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector. 2nd Edition. Random House. To sum up the 3 definitions, Public Administration is carried out in the public interest, irrespective of the governmental system of that nation. It is also seen as the policies, procedures, rules and regulations of governmental functions or operations, in action. It interacts with various groups or individuals, including the private sector in providing a better service to the community or public. HISTORY The concept of Public Administration dates back to the early Greeks. About 400 B.C Plato identified a split between management and a democratic system. The Greeks became more cultured and started nominating leaders and grasp the idea of Public Administration. (10 Interesting Facts About the History of Public Administration 2008) According Popejoy (2013), most experts believe Woodrow Wilson to be the founder of modern Public Administration. He suggested that the first secretary of Treasury in the United States of America, Alexander Hamilton, were the first person to coin the phrase â€Å"public administration†, to define his responsibilities as a Cabinet Minister. Hamilton, together with Thomas Jefferson, the first Secretary of State in the United States, created a support system where electorates are bartered with by the promise of jobs, better public service and other tactics by politicians running for administration. (10 Interesting Facts About the History of Public Administ ration 2008) In 1887, Woodrow Wilson, published an essay in the Political Science Quarterly entitled â€Å"The Study of Administration†, where he attempted in explaining the study of administration. He noted the more complicated and evolving the society become, the responsibility and duty of the government, will increase. He further addressed the issue of public administration as the ordering of government to ensure that business rules are followed and the fortifying of the organisation to fulfil its duties. (Akindele, Oloapa Obiyan 2002) Frank Goodnow’s Politics and Administration (1990), highlighted â€Å"the will of the state† and recognised politics as the representation and administration the implementation of this will. He also identified the possible battle between these two areas to achieve accord. Leonard, D. White’s book: Introduction to the Study of Public Administration (1926) and W.F. Willoughby’s Principles of Public Administration (1927), added to the work of Goodnow. There was however, a considerable disagreement in how they saw the legitimate control of public administration. White considered the President of the United States as the Chief Administrator, but Willoughby the Congress. The crux of the matter is that there are two different roles of government, namely outcome and implementation. Implementation is the area of public administration. (Akindele, Oloapa Obiyan 2002) Since post-World War II, the nature of Public Administration has changed. One of the reasons were the incapability to separated politics from administration and that it was only a false border between these two divisions. Emphasis are placed on how ethical and independent are public administration officials with regards to politics and policy-making. This places some challenges on the practice of public administration as well as conflict of interest which require impartiality from the public. (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences 1968) PUA IN POST APARTHEID SYSTEM The Constitution of the Republic of South Africa (Act 108 of 1996), gives a clear indication of how Public Administration should be managed and executed. Some of these principles are; â€Å"A high standard of professional ethics must be promoted and maintained. (b) Efficient, economic and effective use of resources must be promoted. (c) Public administration must be development-oriented. (d) Services must be provided impartially, fairly, equitably and without bias. (e) People’s needs must be responded to, and the public must be encouraged to participate in policy-making. (f) Public administration must be accountable. (g) Transparency must be fostered by providing the public with timely, accessible and accurate information. (h) Good human-resource management and career-development practices, to maximise human potential, must be cultivated. (i) Public administration must be broadly representative of the South African people, with employment and personnel management practices ba sed on ability, objectivity, fairness, and the need to redress the imbalances of the past to achieve broad representation. (Department of Justice and Constitutional Development n.d.) According to Popejoy (2013) â€Å"In addition, section 195(1) of the Constitution prescribes basic values and principles for Public Administration†. Through the Bill of Rights, it offers civilians of South Africa the right to act against the State if they deem their rights were disregarded. Public Service to the South African citizens is not a benefit, but a legal right. Service delivery should be of high importance to all national and provincial departments. After 1994, the State’s focus with regards to Public Administration was to first convert and unite the different administrations of the previous government as well as the management of the different homelands into one administration system. According to Chapter 10 of the Constitution, the Public Service Commission (PSC), an independent institution, was created to concentrate on the Public Service and supervision of public administration. This institution is neutral and no other department of the State can intervene in the operations of the PSC. (Public Service Commission 2014:1) Franks (2014:50) reminds us that South Africa had to create a proper structure, based on the ideals of the Constitution to rule and oversee conflicts of interest to ensure public service delivery to the South African public. The process of change in the public service were clouded by the conflict between the need for a well organised, competent and politically impartial public service versus a new political period and change in the society of South Africa. Therefore, with regards to the above evidence, we can deduce that Public Administration is still very relevant in the contemporary society in South Africa. It is part our Constitution and has a legal implementation attached to it. It is funded by the taxes of the public and therefore must be accountable to the public. BATHO PELE In October 1997, the Department of Public Service and Administration realised that they had to get their house in order and therefore the need to document the philosophy of service delivery to improve their proficiency and responsibility in implementation of their duties. The Public Service was perceived as not being approachable and required expertise, skill and the right mind-set to meet the challenges of the old bureaucratic culture. Thus the operational ability had to change. Therefore the department launched the Batho Pele Principles, also called the â€Å"White Paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery†. (Batho Pele 1997) Batho Pele, a SeSotho word meaning â€Å"putting our people first†, was an effort to improve the implementation of service levels and delivery to a more acceptable level. A culture of putting the customer (the people) first, needed to be embraced, much like the private sector, to ensure they serve the needs of the public. (Education Training Unit n.d.) According to Batho Pele (1997) their slogan were: â€Å"We belong, we care, we serve.† Describing it as follow: â€Å"We belong: we are part of the Public Service and should work together and respect fellow colleagues. We care: caring for the public we serve – our customers. We serve: all citizens will get good service from public servants.† Batho Pele (1997) identified eight principles to develop within the different departments to operate as an adequate policy and judicial structure concerning service delivery in the public service. These ideologies are in line with the concepts of the Constitution, mentioned earlier in this paper. The eight Batho Pele Principles are as follow: (Batho Pele 1997; Education Training Unit n.d) Consultation The public are allowed to say what they want with regards to public service. The public can be asked for their opinions on existing public services as well as other basic services they would like. All levels of the public will be interviewed or surveyed and their views will then be communicated to the Ministers, MEC’s and legislators. Service Standards This is to ensure that promises that were made are kept. All national and provincial departments will publish their service standards for new and existing services. Standards will be examined and cannot be lowered and will be monitored on an annual basis and will be raised increasingly. Access Each individual in the country should have access to receive their fair share of services. Departments will be targeted to offer citizens access to public servants and services. Special programmes must be implemented to develop service delivery to physically, socially and culturally disadvantaged individuals Courtesy The public can expect not to be treated with disrespect, but with kindness and understanding. All departments had to incorporate these standards of treatment into their various Codes of Conduct and training programmes. Regular on-going staff performance appraisals had to be monitored Information The public are entitled to complete and correct facts about services they are permitted to receive. Information should be provided at service points, as well as the local media in the different languages and all departmental communications must include comprehensive contact details. Openness and transparency Administration should be and open book to the public and they have the right to know the departmental numbers and particulars of officials. Furthermore, access to the expenditure and performance against the prescribed standards must also be available. Reports will be published and submitted to the legislature. Redress The public’s complaints must lead to action. Public dissatisfaction must be recorded and all staff must be trained on how to handle the grievances fast and efficiently. The public can also expect feedback on the outcome of a complaint. Value for Money The public’s money, such as VAT and taxes, should be spend sensibly in the administration of the country. Departments must be able to provide the public with proof of improved service delivery and proper expenditure of the funds. The public has the right to insist that their money should be used suitably. By improving the public service delivery will benefit the whole society. Improved delivery from national and provincial departments is essential for the future prosperity and development of the country. The monitoring is done by the Department of Public Service and Administration in conjunction with the Public Services Commision. (Education Training Unit n.d.) References ASPA National Weblog. 2013.Alexander Hamilton vs Woodrow Wilson. [ONLINE] Available at:https://aspanational.wordpress.com/tag/woodrow-wilson/. [Accessed 07 February 15]. Masters in Public Administration. 2008.10 Interesting Facts About the History of Public Administration. [ONLINE] Available at:http://mastersinpublicadministration.com/10-interesting-facts-about-the-history-of-public-administration. [Accessed 07 February 15]. Akindele, S.T., Oloapa, O.R. Obiyan, A.S. 2002. The Theory of Public Administration and Its Relevance to Nigerian Administrative Ecology. Journal of Social Science, 6(4): 247 – 256. Availabe at http://krepublishers.com/02-Journals/JSS/JSS-06-0-000-000-2002-Web/JSS-06-4-237-02Abst-PDF/JSS-06-4-247-02-Akindele-S-T/JSS-06-4-247-02-Akindele-S-T-Tt.pdf Encyclopedia. 1968.International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Public_administration.aspx. [Accessed 07 February 15]. Public Administration.International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. 1968. Accessed 7 February 2015 from Encyclopedia.com:http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-3045001014.html Department of Justice and Constitutional Development n.d.,Chapter 10 Public Administration. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.justice.gov.za/legislation/constitution/SAConstitution-web-eng-10.pdf. [Accessed 07 February 15]. http://www.polity.org.za/polity/govdocs/white_papers/transform.html Department of Public Service and Administration (DPSA). 1997, Batho Pele – â€Å"People First†: White paper on Transforming Public Service Delivery, viewed 7 February 2015. http://www.polity.org.za/polity/govdocs/white_papers/transform.html Public Service Commission. 2014.The Constitutional and Legislative Mandate of the Public Service Commission Explained. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.psc.gov.za/documents/docs/legislation/Booklet%20on%20PSC%20mandate.pdf. [Accessed 07 February 15]. Franks, P.E., 2014. The Crisis of the South African Public Services.The Journal of the Helen Suzman Foundation, [Online]. 74, 48-56. Available at:http://hsf.org.za/resource-centre/focus/state-and-nation/9.the-crisis-of-the-south-african-public-service-p.pdf/download.[Accessed 07 February 2015]. Education Training Unit. n.d.,Batho Pele: Improving Government Service. [ONLINE] Available at:http://www.etu.org.za/toolbox/docs/govern/bathopele.html. [Accessed 07 February 15]. David H Rosenbloom, 1989.Public administration: Understanding management, politics, and law in the public sector. 2nd Edition. Random House.